Mark Twain, one of the most celebrated American writers of the 19th century, is widely known for his wit, humor, and keen observations of human nature. Born Samuel Langhorne Clemens on November 30, 1835, in Florida, Missouri, he grew up along the Mississippi River, an experience that deeply influenced his later works.

As a young man, Clemens worked as a printer, riverboat pilot, and miner before finding his true calling in writing. His pen name, "Mark Twain," was taken from a term used by riverboat pilots to indicate a depth of two fathoms, or about twelve feet, which was safe for navigation. This name became synonymous with his literary success.

Mark Twain's most famous works include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), both of which are considered classics of American literature. Huckleberry Finn, in particular, is noted for its realistic portrayal of life in the pre-Civil War South and its bold critique of racism.

Throughout his career, Twain also wrote essays, short stories, and travelogues. His sharp satire and storytelling made him a popular public speaker and a respected figure in both literary and social circles. He traveled extensively, sharing his views on politics, society, and human behavior.

Despite his success, Twain faced financial difficulties later in life due to failed business ventures. However, he continued to write and speak until his death on April 21, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut.

Mark Twain's legacy endures through his timeless literature and his unique voice, which continues to inspire readers and writers around the world.